A factor analysis of the Fagerstrom Test for Nicotine Dependence for bidi smokers and smokeless tobacco users (FTND): findings from India

The Fagerström Test for Nicotine Dependence-Smokeless Tobacco (FTND-ST).

Few nicotine dependence measures have been developed for smokeless tobacco (ST) users. Existing measures are limited by the requirement to rate the nicotine content of ST brands for which data is scarce or non-existent. We modified the Fagerström Test for Nicotine Dependence (FTND) for ST users, referred to this scale as the FTND-ST, and evaluated its characteristics in a population of 42 ST us...

Interrelations of Level of Urinary Cotinine and Score for Fagerstrom Test for Nicotine Dependence among Beedi Smokers, and Smokeless Tobacco Users in India

BACKGROUND Tobacco related diseases is largely preventable and can stop pre-mature death. According to World Health Organization (WHO), the prevalence rate of smoking is 28.6% (40% among males and 18.2% among females).[1] Beedismoking and tobacco chewing are the commonest forms of tobacco habits in India, and strongly associated with oral cancer in India.[2] There are methods to estimation of s...

Fagerstrom Test for Nicotine Dependence

Fagerstrom Test for Nicotine Dependence

Psychometric properties of the Iranian version of the fagerstrom test for nicotine dependence and of heaviness of smoking index

The most widely used tests for measuring nicotine dependence is the Fagerstom Test for Nicotine Dependence (FTND). The Heaviness of smoking index (HSI) is a shorter version of FTND. The current study aimed to asses the psychometric properties of the Persian version of the FTND and HSI for Iranian smokers. This was a descriptive- correlational study. The validity of instrument was evaluated. The...